Cyprus is an island nation located in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, south of Turkey, west of Syria, and southeast of Greece. It is the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean, possessing a rich tapestry of ancient history, beautiful beaches, and a complex modern political landscape.
The most defining characteristic of modern Cyprus is its complex political partition, which has existed for over 50 years:
- The Republic of Cyprus: Positioned in the southern two-thirds of the island, this is the internationally recognized government. It is a culturally Greek-dominated society and officially joined the European Union in 2004.
- The Northern Third (“TRNC”): The northern part of the island is inhabited predominantly by Turkish Cypriots. Following ethnic clashes and a Greek-backed coup attempt, Turkey invaded the north in 1974. In 1983, this area declared itself the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. It is recognized as a sovereign state only by Turkey and is considered by the rest of the international community to be occupied territory of the Republic of Cyprus.
- The Green Line: A UN-monitored “Buffer Zone” cuts directly through the island—and through the center of the capital city, Nicosia—separating the two sides. While several border checkpoints have opened over the last two decades to allow locals and tourists to cross back and forth, the fundamental division remains.
- Sovereign Base Areas: The United Kingdom still retains control over two military base areas on the island (Akrotiri and Dhekelia), which remain under British sovereignty as a legacy of Cyprus’s history as a British colony before gaining independence in 1960.
Nicosia (Capital)
Nicosia (known locally as Lefkosia in Greek and Lefkoşa in Turkish) is the capital and largest city of Cyprus. Located inland along the Mesaoria Plain, it serves as the island’s administrative, financial, and cultural hub.
Nicosia holds a unique and poignant title: it is the last divided capital city in the world. Nicosia has been physically split in two since the 1974 Turkish invasion.
- The Southern Section: Governed by the internationally recognized Republic of Cyprus, this part of the city is predominantly Greek-speaking, utilizes the Euro, and functions as a modern, prosperous European Union city.
- The Northern Section: Functions as the capital of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (recognized only by Turkey). It is Turkish-speaking, utilizes the Turkish Lira, and possesses a distinctly different cultural atmosphere.
- The Green Line: A United Nations-monitored buffer zone, lined with barricades, concrete walls, and barbed wire, cuts directly through the heart of the city. However, since 2003, tension has eased significantly. Pedestrians can easily walk across the border checkpoint at Ledra Street in the middle of downtown, using a passport to cross between the Greek and Turkish sides in just a few minutes.






























